Hydroxycitric Acid for Weight Control
Also known as: Garcinia cambogia, HCA
What is it?
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a compound found in Garcinia cambogia, a type of
fruit. HCA has a chemical structure similar to that of citric acid (the primary acid in citrus
fruits).
Where is it found?
HCA is found in only a few plants, with one rich source being the rind of a little
pumpkin-shaped fruit called Garcinia cambogia, which is native to Southeast Asia.
This fruit (also called Malabar tamarind) is used as a condiment in dishes such as curry.
Why do dieters use it?*
Some dieters say that hydroxycitric acid
What do the advocates say?*
The promise of (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is based on animal studies that suggest it
inhibits fat synthesis and perhaps suppresses appetite. Human studies have not been
consistent, however, with one reporting no benefits while another reported improved results
when combined with a weight-loss diet.
How much is usually taken by dieters?
HCA, extracted from the rind of the Garcinia cambogia fruit grown in Southeast
Asia, has a chemical composition similar to that of citric acid (the primary acid in oranges
and other citrus fruits). Preliminary studies in animals suggest that HCA may be a useful
weight-loss aid.1 2 HCA has been demonstrated in the laboratory (but not
yet in clinical trials with people) to reduce the conversion of carbohydrates into stored fat
by inhibiting certain enzyme processes.3 4 Animal research indicates
that HCA suppresses appetite and induces weight loss.5 6 7
8 However, a double-blind trial found that people who took 1,500 mg per day of HCA
while eating a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks lost no more weight than those taking a
placebo.9 A double-blind trial of Garcinia cambogia (2.4 grams of dry
extract, containing 50% hydroxycitric acid) found that the extract did not increase energy
expenditure; it was therefore concluded that this extract showed little potential for the
treatment of obesity at this amount.10 Nonetheless, another double-blind trial
found that using the same amount of Garcinia cambogia extract significantly improved
the results of a weight-loss diet, even though the amount of food intake was not
affected.11
Are there any side effects or interactions?
HCA has not been linked to any adverse effects.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions
with HCA.
*Dieters and weight-management advocates may claim benefits for
hydroxycitric acid based on their personal or professional experience. These are individual
opinions and testimonials that may or may not be supported by controlled clinical studies or
published scientific articles on hydroxycitric acid. For more complete and detailed
information, including references and safety information, see Hydroxycitric Acid as a nutritional supplement.
References:1. Lowenstein JM. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on fatty acid synthesis by
rat liver in vivo. J Biol Chem 1971;246:629–32.
2. Triscari J, Sullivan AC. Comparative effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and
(+)-allo-hydroxycitrate on acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in
vivo. Lipids 1977;12:357–63.
3. Cheema-Dhadli S, Harlperin ML, Leznoff CC. Inhibition of enzymes which
interact with citrate by (-)hydroxycitrate and 1,2,3,-tricarboxybenzene. Eur J
Biochem 1973;38:98–102.
4. Sullivan AC, Hamilton JG, Miller ON, et al. Inhibition of lipogenesis
in rat liver by (-)-hydroxycitrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972;150:183–90.
5. Greenwood MRC, Cleary MP, Gruen R, et al. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate
on development of obesity in the Zucker obese rat. Am J Physiol
1981;240:E72–8.
6. Sullivan AC, Triscari J. Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid
disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:767–76.
7. Sullivan AC, Triscari J, Hamilton JG, et al. Effect of
(-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: I. Lipogenesis. Lipids
1974;9:121–8.
8. Sullivan AC, Triscari J, Hamilton JG, et al. Effect of
(-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: II. Appetite. Lipids
1974;9:129–34.
9. Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, et al. Garcinia
cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled
trial. JAMA 1998;280:1596–600.
10. Martinet A, Hostettmann K, Schultz Y. Thermogenic effects of
commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity.
Phytomedicine 1999;6:231–8.
11. Mattes RD, Bormann L. Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive
variables. Physiol Behav 2000;71:87–94.